The intrinsic value of an option represents the value of the option when exercised. It is the difference between the strike price and the market price. Find out how to calculate the intrinsic value and how it is different for call and put options. 

The difference between market and exercise price

The difference between the exercise price, also called the strike price, and the (future) price of the underlying value is referred to as intrinsic value. The intrinsic value cannot be negative. A call option has intrinsic value when the price of the underlying value is higher than the strike price of that call option. A put option has intrinsic value when the strike price is higher than the price of the underlying value.

Intrinsic value of cash settled options

In the case of cash-settled options, at expiration, the strike price and settlement price of the underlying value are compared. In this case the intrinsic value is called the “pay-off” or “pay-out” of the contact.

The value of an option at expiration

Call option A call option has intrinsic value if the current market price of the share is higher than the exercise price. In that case, the shares can be bought at a price lower than the price at which the shares can be sold. Put option A put option has intrinsic value if the current market price of the share is lower than the option’s exercise price. In that case, the shares can be sold at a price higher than the price at which they can be bought on the market.

Example of intrinsic value

A simple example clarifies this.

If a share is priced at € 35,

• a call option with an exercise price of € 30 has an intrinsic value of € 5,
• whereas a put option with an exercise price of € 30 has no intrinsic value.

Another example based on the same share price

• a put option with an exercise price of € 38 has an intrinsic value of € 3,
• whereas a call option with an exercise price of € 38 has no intrinsic value.

The following terms are used when describing whether or not an option has intrinsic value

In the money
The option has intrinsic value

Out of the money
The option does not have any intrinsic value

At the money
The option’s exercise price is more or less the same as the underlying value’s current market price.

Daily index options have emerged as a revolutionary instrument, offering traders unparalleled opportunities to capitalise on short-term market movements. These options, which expire at the end of each trading day, provide a versatile platform for speculation, hedging, and strategic investment, across various market indices such as Euronext’s AEX and CAC 40.

Below is an overview of the benefits of trading daily index options, highlighting their potential to transform trading strategies and financial outcomes.

Precision and flexibility in market timing

One of the most significant advantages of daily index options is the precision and flexibility they offer in market timing. Traders can execute strategies based on the day's market news, economic reports, or global events, responding swiftly to opportunities or threats. This level of agility is unparalleled in traditional options or stock trading, where longer expiration periods can dilute the impact of short-term market movements.

Enhanced risk management

Daily index options offer traders enhanced risk management capabilities. Since these options expire daily, the commitment is short-term, allowing traders to limit exposure to long-term market volatility. Moreover, the risk is capped at the premium paid for the option, providing a clear and manageable risk profile. This predictability in risk assessment is invaluable, especially in volatile market conditions, enabling traders to strategise confidently without the looming threat of unforeseen losses.

Cost-effective leverage

Leverage is a double-edged sword in trading, offering the potential for magnified profits but also increased risk. Daily index options provide a cost-effective way to leverage positions in the market. For a relatively small initial investment (the premium), traders can control a sizable position in an index. This leverage allows for significant profit potential from minimal price movements in the underlying index, making daily index options an attractive proposition for those with limited capital but a strong understanding of market dynamics.

Strategic diversification and hedging

Diversification and hedging are cornerstone strategies for risk-averse traders and investors. Daily index options serve as a perfect instrument for both. They allow traders to diversify their strategies on a day-to-day basis, adapting to market changes and opportunities. Furthermore, these options can be used to hedge against daily fluctuations in a portfolio, protecting against short-term downside risk. By purchasing put options, for example, traders can offset potential losses in their equity positions, providing a safety net against market dips.

Amplified returns on investment

The leverage effect of daily index options not only allows for larger market exposure but also amplifies the potential returns on investment. Even small movements in the underlying index can translate into significant profits, thanks to the leverage provided by options. This aspect is particularly appealing to traders looking to maximise returns on a tight capital budget. However, it is crucial to approach leverage with caution, as the potential for amplified losses is also a factor.

Market accessibility

Daily index options democratise access to broad market movements. Instead of investing in all the individual stocks of an index, which can be prohibitively expensive, traders can buy options on the index itself. This accessibility opens up new avenues for retail traders, allowing them to participate in the broader movements of the markets without the need for significant capital outlay.

Educational value

Engaging with daily index options can be profoundly educational for traders. The necessity to monitor market conditions closely, analyse economic indicators, and make swift trading decisions fosters a deep understanding of market dynamics. This hands-on learning experience is invaluable, cultivating advanced trading skills and insights that can be applied across various trading instruments and strategies.

Considerations and challenges

While the benefits of trading daily index options are considerable, they come with their own set of challenges. The short-term nature of these options requires constant market vigilance and can incur higher transaction costs due to frequent trading. Time decay (theta) is another critical factor, as the value of options erodes rapidly as expiration approaches, necessitating precise timing in trade execution.

Daily index options stand out as a powerful tool in the arsenal of modern traders

Daily index options stand out as a powerful tool in the arsenal of modern traders, offering a blend of flexibility, risk management, and potential for high returns, whether they are used for speculative trading, hedging, or strategic investment. However, success in trading daily index options requires a thorough understanding of market principles, a disciplined approach to risk management, and a commitment to ongoing education and refinement of your strategy.

In the fast-paced world of finance, daily index options have emerged as a pivotal tool for traders looking to capitalise on daily market movements. These financial derivatives offer a unique blend of flexibility, risk management, and strategic opportunities, making them a key component of modern trading portfolios.

Understanding daily index options 

Daily index options are options contracts based on stock indices, that have an expiration period of one day. Unlike traditional options, which can have expiration periods ranging from weeks to months or even years, daily options expire at the end of each trading day. They allow traders to act on the daily fluctuations of an index, offering the potential for profit from short-term market movements.

Daily index options can be based on a wide range of indices, representing a specific sector of the economy or the market as a whole. Examples include Euronext’s AEX and CAC 40 indices and, at a global scale, the S&P 500, NASDAQ-100, and Dow Jones Industrial Average. Traders can buy ‘call’ options to speculate on a market rise, or ‘put’ options to anticipate a market decline.

Benefits of trading daily index options

1. Flexibility and precision in timing
   Daily index options offer precise control over the timing of trades. Traders can respond swiftly to market news or economic events without being locked into a position for a long duration.
2. Limited risk
   As with all options, the risk associated with buying daily index options is limited to the premium paid for the option. This predefined risk makes it easier for traders to manage their investment strategies and protect themselves against potential losses. The possible exposure to the potential larger risks involved in short positions get restricted to the duration of the contract.
3. Leverage
   Daily index options provide leverage, allowing traders to control a large position in an index for a relatively small investment (the premium). This can amplify returns; but traders should also be aware of the potential for significant losses on short positions.
4. Hedging
   Traders and investors can use daily index options as a hedging tool to protect their portfolios against short-term market dips. By purchasing put options, they can offset potential losses in their equity positions.

Daily index options trading strategies

1. Day trading
   Day trading with daily index options involves buying and selling options within the same trading day. Traders might use technical analysis to identify short-term market trends and execute trades based on these movements.
2. Scalping
   Scalping is a strategy where traders aim to make small profits on minor price changes. This strategy requires a high level of market analysis and quick decision-making.
3. Hedging
   As mentioned, hedging is a strategy to protect investments from short-term market drops. For example, owning stock in an index and buying a put option on the same index can act as insurance against a decline in the market value of the stock.

Considerations and risks

1. Market volatility
   Daily index options are highly sensitive to market volatility. Significant price swings can lead to substantial profits or losses within a short period. Traders need to be vigilant and have a clear understanding of market indicators and sentiment.
2. Time decay
   Time decay, or theta, is a critical factor in the pricing of options. For daily index options, time decay is accelerated, as the value of the option decreases rapidly as it approaches expiration. Traders need to be strategic in timing their trades to mitigate the effects of time decay.
3. Costs and fees
   Trading costs and fees can quickly eat into profits, especially considering the short-term nature of daily index options. Traders should consider commission rates and other expenses carefully when planning their trading strategies.
4. Complexity
   The strategies associated with daily index options can be complex and require a good understanding of the options market and the movements of the underlying index. It is crucial for traders to educate themselves thoroughly before using these instruments to trade.

Daily index options offer traders a powerful tool

Daily index options offer traders a powerful tool for capitalising on short-term market movements, with benefits including flexibility, leverage, and limited risk. However, the fast-paced nature of these instruments, coupled with their susceptibility to market volatility and time decay, demands a high level of market knowledge, risk management, strategic planning and the ability to make good judgements and take quick decisions.

To trade daily index options, it is essential to start with a solid foundation of market knowledge and gradually develop a strategy that aligns with your risk tolerance and investment goals. By doing so, traders can navigate the complexities of the market effectively and harness the potential of daily index options to achieve their financial objectives.

Learn what daily index options are available on Euronext and how to find their prices

European volumes are closer to the US than they appear.

A widely held belief in global finance is that the US equity market reigns supreme in terms of liquidity, surpassing other markets by a wide margin. By contrast, European markets are often viewed as secondary. However, upon closer examination of equity flows in both regions, and taking into account the complexity associated with the concept of liquidity, the presumed dominance of the US in equity liquidity is not as clearcut as it might seem.

Executive summary

• At aggregate level, the Average Daily Value Traded (ADVT) in US looks 4.4x higher than in Europe (€288bn vs €65bn in 2023) combining all companies above €250m market cap.
• However, the liquidity gap is driven mainly by the 79 Mega-Capitalisation stocks in the US which account for over 50% of US turnover, while Europe has only 20 Mega-Caps listed.
• When measuring the value traded relatively to the different market capitalisation segments, the ADVT per single company yields interesting results:
  
  - Average Large-Cap stock has ADVT of €146m in US vs €116m in Europe (only 1.3x gap)
  
  - Average Mid-Cap stock has ADVT of €23m in US vs €12m in Europe (only 2.0x gap)
• Turnover Velocity metrics (value traded divided by market capitalization) also confirm the robust liquidity in Europe compared to the US.

Methodology

•  Market capitalisation segments are categorised as follows:
  
  - Small-Caps: €250m ≤ market capitalisation < €1bn
  
  - Mid-Caps: €1bn ≤ market capitalisation < €5bn
  
  - Large-Caps: €5bn ≤ market capitalisation < €100bn
  
  - Mega-Caps: €100bn ≤ market capitalisation
• Market capitalisation data is sourced from independent data provider Bloomberg.
• Market capitalisation data is the average total market cap (not the free-float market cap) for the year 2023 from Bloomberg using the following formula: BDH (Company Ticker, "CUR_MKT_CAP", "1/1/2023", "12/31/2023", "Currency", "EUR", "Period", "CY").
• Turnover data is taken from 1 January 2023 to 31 December 2023.
• Turnover data is sourced from independent provider BMLL Technologies, and is aggregated to cover all value traded in 2023. This data includes On-Book, Off-book, On-exchange, OTC, SI, Dark and Auctions turnover.
• In this study, ‘Europe’ is understood to mean the companies listed on the following European markets: all Euronext Markets (Amsterdam, Brussels, Dublin, Lisbon, Milan, Oslo, Paris); Deutsche Börse; Bolsas y Mercados Españoles; Nasdaq Nordic (Stockholm, Helsinki, Copenhagen); London Stock Exchange. The ‘US’ is understood to mean the companies listed on the following US markets: Nasdaq; New York Stock Exchange.
• All data has been harmonised to € to provide a relevant comparison.

Download Equity Liquidity Analysis - Demystifying the liquidity gap between European and US equities

How can you find today's daily index options and their quotes, and what is the logic behind the rotation?

The daily index options available for trading rotate on a daily basis. With daily options each trading day becomes an expiry day. This means that the trading codes of expiring options also change on a daily basis.

Daily index options on the AEX and CAC 40 Index complement the weekly and monthly options

Index options are primarily listed and traded on a monthly basis, and sometimes on a weekly basis. The daily index options fill up the remaining trading days. The combination of monthly, weekly and daily options makes each trading day an expiration day.

For example: the weekly option expires on a Friday. Euronext will add daily options with expiry on Monday-Thursday to have full coverage on each day of the week.

A weekly or monthly option that is within one day from expiry will show the same characteristics and usage as a daily option that is listed on the day before its expiry. However, market conditions could differ slightly, as the number of traded contracts, open positions and active trading parties may be larger on monthly expiries. This is even more likely if the monthly option originates from a quarterly or annual rotation.

Covering all days of the month as expiry days using daily, weekly and monthly options

Each daily option has the corresponding number of the day inserted in its chain logic. Listed and traded dailies correspond with Euronext trading days whereby options are made available on the trading day before expiration. We do not issue daily options for the expiry dates of weekly and monthly options.

Provided that the day is a normal business day and that no other monthly or weekly index option expires on that day:

• the option class with symbol P1 expires on the first calendar day of a month;
• the option class with symbol P2 expires on the second calendar day of a month;
• the option class with symbol P3 expires on the third calendar day of a month, etc.

The codes return on a monthly basis, and will be used in each specific month if the corresponding day is a trading day. For example, the 28 March contract will use the code P28, the same code that was used for the 28 Feb contract. For the Paris CAC 40 daily index options, the full coverage of all trading days includes:

Monthly option

PXA expires third Friday of the month*

Weekly options

1PX expires first Friday of the month*

2PX expires second Friday of the month*

4PX expires fourth Friday of the month*

5PX expires fifth Friday of the month*

^{* In the event that the third Friday is not a business day, the Last Trading Day shall normally be the last business day preceding the third Friday.}

All other days

As explained, the remaining days in the month are filled with the daily options based on the calendar date.

The first day of trading of a daily option class is the first normal business day preceding the expiry day.

Exchange contract code

Available exchange codes for daily options are

P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10, P11, P12, P13, P14, P15, P16, P17, P18, P19, P20, P21, P22, P23, P24, P25, P26, P27, P28, P29, P30, P31.

Only the relevant calendar days will be released for trading. Calendar days that represent a day on a weekend, bank holiday, or are covered by a weekly or monthly option will not be activated for that month.

All trading codes and links to the related instrument pages for both the AEX index and CAC 40 index daily options can be found in the table below.

A few examples:

• For September 2024, the first calendar day is a Sunday. The first daily expiring option is therefore P2 on Monday 2  September. P2 is listed and starts trading on Friday 30 August. The rest of the first week of September is covered by P3, P4, P5, and on the Friday by 1PX (the weekly option).
• For October 2024, the P1 contact will expire on Tuesday 1 October. P1 is listed and starts trading on Monday 30 September. The rest of the week will be covered by P30 for the preceding Monday, P2, P3, and on the Friday by 1PX (the weekly option).
• For November 2024, the first calendar day is a Friday. This day is covered by 1PX (the weekly option).

Links to the instrument pages

Contract lists on our website

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